Countries where Indonesian is a minority languageThis article contains phonetic symbols. Without proper, you may see instead of characters.
For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see.Indonesian ( bahasa Indonesia ) is the official language of. It is a of, an that has been used as a in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries. Indonesia is the fourth most in the world. Of its large population, the majority speak Indonesian, making it one of the most languages in the world.Most Indonesians, aside from speaking the national language, are fluent in at least one of the more than 700 indigenous; examples include, and, which are commonly used at home and within the local community. However, most formal, and nearly all national, and other forms of communication, are conducted in Indonesian.The term 'Indonesian' is especially associated with the national ( bahasa baku), however in a more loose sense, it also encompasses the various local varieties spoken throughout the Indonesian archipelago.
Standard Indonesian is largely confined to formal situations, existing in a relationship with vernacular Malay varieties, which are commonly used for daily communication.The Indonesian name for the language ( bahasa Indonesia) is also occasionally found in and other languages. Written in, is the oldest surviving specimen of the language in, Indonesia.Standard Indonesian is a of 'Riau Malay', which despite its common name is not the Malay dialect native to the, but rather the of the royal courts. Originally spoken in Northeast, Malay has been used as a in the Indonesian for half a millennium. It might be attributed to its, the language (which can be traced back to the 7th century). The is the oldest surviving specimen of Old Malay, the language used by empire.
Since the 7th century, the Old Malay language has been used in (Indonesian archipelago), evidenced by Srivijaya inscriptions and by other inscriptions from areas of the archipelago, such as.Old Malay as lingua franca contacts carried on by various peoples at the time were the main for spreading the Old Malay language, which was the main medium among the traders. Ultimately, the Old Malay language became a and was spoken widely by most people in the archipelago.Indonesian (in its normative form) has essentially the same material basis as the standard register of Malay, and is therefore considered to be a variety of the pluricentric Malay language. However, it does from Malaysian Malay in several respects, with differences in pronunciation and vocabulary. These differences are due mainly to the Dutch and Javanese influences on Indonesian.
Indonesian was also influenced by the Melayu pasar (literally 'market Malay'), which was the lingua franca of the archipelago in colonial times, and thus indirectly by other spoken languages of the islands.Malaysian Malay claims to be closer to the classical Malay of earlier centuries, even though modern Malaysian has been heavily influenced, in lexicon as well as in syntax, by English. The question of whether High Malay (Court Malay) or Low Malay (Bazaar Malay) was the true parent of the Indonesian language is still in debate. High Malay was the official language used in the court of the and continued by the Dutch-administered territory of, while Low Malay was commonly used in marketplaces and ports of the archipelago. Some linguists have argued that it was the more common Low Malay that formed the base of the Indonesian language. Dutch colonial era When the (VOC) first arrived in the archipelago, the Malay language was a significant trading and political language due to the influence of and later the. However, the language had never been dominant among the population of the Indonesian archipelago as it was limited to mercantile activity. The VOC adopted the Malay language as the administrative language of their trading outpost in the east.
Following the of the VOC, the took control of the colony in 1799 and it was only then that education in and promotion of Dutch began in the. Even then, Dutch administrators were remarkably reluctant to promote the use of Dutch compared to other colonial regimes. Dutch thus remained the language of a small elite: in 1940, only 2% of the total population could speak Dutch. Nevertheless, it did have a significant influence on the development of Malay in the colony: during the era of the language that would be standardized as Indonesian absorbed a large amount of Dutch vocabulary in the form of.Birth of the Indonesian language.
Session held in July 1938 in Jakarta, where Indonesian was formally used for the first time by Jahja Datoek Kajo.The that ultimately brought Indonesian to its national language status rejected from the outset. However, the rapid disappearance of Dutch was a very unusual case compared with other colonized countries, where the colonial language generally has continued to function as the language of politics, education, and other important areas for a significant time after independence.
Soenjono Dardjowidjojo even goes so far as to say that 'Indonesian is perhaps the only language that has achieved the status of a national language in its true sense' since it truly dominates in all spheres of. The ease with which Indonesia eliminated the language of its former colonial power can perhaps be explained as much by Dutch as by Indonesian nationalism, though. In marked contrast to the, and Portuguese, who pursued an colonial policy, or even the, the Dutch did not attempt to spread their language among the indigenous population. In fact, they consciously prevented the language from being spread by refusing to provide education, especially in Dutch, to the native Indonesians so they would not come to see themselves as equals. Moreover, the Dutch wished to prevent the Indonesians from elevating their perceived social status by taking on elements of Dutch culture.
Thus, until the 1930s, they maintained a minimalist regime and allowed Malay to spread quickly throughout the archipelago.Dutch dominance at that time covered nearly all aspects, with official forums requiring the use of Dutch, although since the Youth Congress (1928) the use of Indonesian as the national language was agreed on as one of the tools in the pro-independence struggle. As of it, inveighed actions underestimating Indonesian.
After some criticism and protests, the use of Indonesian was allowed since the Volksraad sessions held in July 1938. By the time they tried to counter the spread of Malay by teaching Dutch to the natives, it was too late, and in 1942, the Japanese conquered Indonesia and outlawed the use of the Dutch language. Three years later, the Indonesians themselves formally abolished the language and established Bahasa Indonesia as the national language of the new nation.
Adoption as national language. The Pledge was the result of second held in in October 1928. Indonesian language used on a bus advertisementWhile Indonesian is spoken as a by only a small proportion of Indonesia's large population (i.e.
Mainly those who reside within the vicinity of and other large predominantly Indonesian-speaking cities such as and ), over 200 million people regularly make use of the national language, with varying degrees of proficiency. In a nation that boasts more than 700 native languages and a vast array of ethnic groups, it plays an important unifying and cross-archipelagic role for the country. Use of the national language is abundant in the media, bodies, among members of the Indonesian upper-class or nobility and also in many other formal situations, although the 2010 Indonesian Census shows that only 19.94% of people over 5 years old speak mainly Indonesian at home.Standard Indonesian is used in books and newspapers and on television/radio news broadcasts; however, the standard dialect is hardly ever used in daily conversations, being largely confined to formal settings. While this is a phenomenon common to most languages in the world (for example, spoken English does not always correspond to its written standards), the proximity of spoken Indonesian (in terms of grammar and vocabulary) to its normative form is noticeably low. This is mostly due to Indonesians combining aspects of their own local languages (e.g., and ) with Indonesian. This results in various vernacular varieties of Indonesian, the very types that a foreigner is most likely to hear upon arriving in any Indonesian city or town. This phenomenon is amplified by the use of, particularly in the cities.
Unlike the relatively uniform standard variety, Vernacular Indonesian exhibits a high degree of geographical variation, though Colloquial Jakartan Indonesian functions as the de facto norm of informal language and is a popular source of influence throughout the archipelago.The most common and widely used colloquial Indonesian is heavily influenced by the, a of, amplified by its popularity in Indonesian popular culture in mass media and Jakarta's status as the national capital. In informal spoken Indonesian, various words are replaced with those of a less formal nature. For example, tidak (no) is often replaced with the Betawi form nggak or the even simpler gak, while seperti (like, similar to) is often replaced with kayak. Sangat or amat (very), the term to express intensity, is often being replaced with the Javanese-influenced banget.As for pronunciation, the diphthongs ai and au on the end of base words are typically pronounced as /e/ and /o/. In informal writing the spelling of words is modified to reflect the actual pronunciation in a way that can be produced with less effort.
For example, capai becomes cape or capek, pakai becomes pake, kalau becomes kalo.In verbs, the prefix me- is often dropped, although an initial nasal consonant is often retained, as when mengangkat becomes ngangkat (the basic word is angkat). The suffixes -kan and -i are often replaced by -in. For example, mencarikan becomes nyariin, menuruti becomes nurutin. The latter grammatical aspect is one often closely related to the Indonesian spoken in Jakarta and its surrounding areas.Classification and related languages. — Article 36, Chapter XV,Indonesian functions as a symbol of national identity and pride, and is a unifying language among the diverse. It also serves as a vehicle of communication among the Indonesian provinces and different regional cultures in Indonesia.
The language is used as the national official language, the language of education, communication, transaction and trade documentation, the development of national culture, science, technology, and mass media in Indonesia.According to Indonesian law, the Indonesian language was proclaimed as the unifying language during on 28 October 1928, developed further to accommodate the dynamics of Indonesian civilization. As mentioned previously, the language was based on Riau Malay, though linguists note that this is not the local dialect of Riau, but the Malaccan dialect that was used in the. Since its conception in 1928 and its official recognition in 1945 Constitution, the Indonesian language has been loaded with a nationalist political agenda to unify Indonesia (former ). This status has made the Indonesian language relatively open to accommodate influences from other Indonesian ethnic languages, most notably Javanese as the majority ethnic group in Indonesia, and as the previous colonizer. Compared to the indigenous dialects of spoken in Sumatra and Malay peninsula or the normative Malaysian standard, the Indonesian language differs profoundly by a large amount of loanwords incorporated into its already rich vocabulary.
As a result, Indonesian has wider sources of, compared to Malaysian Malay. It is sometimes said that the Indonesian language is an artificial language made official in 1928. By artificial, it means that Indonesian was designed by academics rather than evolving naturally as most common languages have, in order to accommodate the political purpose of establishing an official unifying language of Indonesia. By borrowing heavily from numerous other languages it expresses a natural linguistic evolution; in fact, it is as natural as the next language, as demonstrated in its exceptional capacity for absorbing foreign vocabulary.The disparate evolution of Indonesian and Malaysian has led to a rift between the two standardized registers. This has been based more upon political nuance and the history of their standardization rather than cultural reasons, and as a result there are asymmetrical views regarding each other's variety among Malaysians and Indonesians.
In Malaysia, the national language is called either Malay or Malaysian; in Indonesia, it is Indonesian. Malaysians tend to assert that Malaysian and Indonesian are merely different normative varieties of the same language, while Indonesians tend to treat them as separate, albeit closely related, languages. The result of this attitude is that Indonesians feel little need to harmonize their language with Malaysia and Brunei, whereas Malaysians are keener to coordinate the evolution of the language with Indonesians, although the 1972 was largely seen as a concession of Dutch-based Indonesian to the English-based spelling of Malaysian.Phonology. Persian (1%)As a modern variety of Malay, Indonesian has been influenced by other languages, including,. It is estimated that there are some 750 Sanskrit loanwords in modern Indonesian, 1,000 Arabic loans, some of and origin, some 125 words of Portuguese, some of and origin, and 10,000 loanwords from Dutch. The vast majority of Indonesian words, however, come from the root lexical stock of Austronesian (including Old Malay).The study of Indonesian etymology and loan words reveals both its historical and social contexts.
Examples are the early Sanskrit borrowings from the 7th century during the trading era, the borrowings from Arabic and Persian during the time of the establishment of Islam in particular, and those from Dutch during the colonial period. Linguistic history and cultural history are clearly linked.List of loan words of Indonesian language published by the (The Language Center) under: Language originNumber of wordsDutch3280English1610Arabic1495Sanskrit677Chinese290Portuguese131Tamil131Persian63Hindi7Note: This list only lists foreign languages, and thus omitting numerous local languages of Indonesia that have also been major lexical donors, such as Javanese, Sundanese, Betawi, etc. For a more complete list of these, see.Loan words of Sanskrit origin.
And mottos are Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, Rastra Sewakottama, Swa Bhuwana Paksa, Kartika Eka Paksi, all in language.The influence came from contacts with since ancient times. The words were either borrowed directly from India or with the intermediary of the. Although and are no longer the major religions of Indonesia, which was the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem and is comparable with the status of in and other Western European languages. Sanskrit is also the main source for, these are usually formed from Sanskrit roots.
The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of, and everyday life.From came such words as स्वर्ग surga (heaven), भाषा bahasa (language), काच kaca (glass, mirror), राज- raja (king), मनुष्य manusia (mankind), चिन्ता cinta (love), भूमि bumi (earth), भुवन buana (world), आगम agama (religion), स्त्री Istri (wife/woman), जय Jaya (victory/victorious), पुर Pura (city/temple/place) राक्षस (giant/monster), धर्म (rule/regulations), मन्त्र (words/poet/spiritual prayers), क्षत्रिय Satria (warrior/brave/soldier), विजय Wijaya (greatly victorious/great victory), etc. Words and sentences are also used in names, titles, and mottos of the Indonesian National Police and Indonesian Armed Forces such as:, Dharmakerta Marga Reksyaka, Yudha Siaga, etc.Because has long been known in the, Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign. Therefore, one could write a short story using only Sanskrit words. The short story below consists of approximately 80 words in Indonesian that are written using Sanskrit words alone, except for a few particles.di i an, sang dan -nya, -, Ke an dan -, be - ber ke pe an di ka n -, ber di dan ber me kan yang ber ber ber se ber ber, me kan -, yang me kan an mereka me, yang ber meng i mereka dan, me dari, dan. Loan words of Chinese origin. The word masjid (mosque) in Indonesian derived from word masjid ( مسجد).Many Arabic words were brought and spread by merchants from like, and from the western part of India, where many Muslims lived.
As a result, many Indonesian words come from the Arabic language. Especially since the late 12th century, Old Malay was heavily influenced by the language and produced many great literary works such as, and Suluk.
This century is known as The Golden Age of Indonesian Literature.Many loanwords from are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with, and by extension, with greetings such as the word, 'selamat' (from: سلامة salāma = health, soundness) means 'safe' or 'lucky'. Words of origin include dunia (from: دنيا dunyā = the present world), names of days (except Minggu), such as Sabtu (from: سبت sabt-u = Saturday), iklan ( آعلان iʻlan = advertisement), kabar ( خبر khabar = news), Kursi ( كرسي kursī = a chair), jumat ( جمعة jumʻa = Friday), ijazah ( إجازة ijāza = 'permission', certificate of authority, e.g. A school diploma certificate), kitab ( كتاب kitāb = book), tertib ( ترتيب tartīb = order/arrangement) and kamus ( قاموس qāmūs = dictionary). (: الله), as it is mostly the case for speakers, is the word for even in translations. Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations this practice is discontinued. They now turn to names or use the original Hebrew Word.
For example, the name was initially translated as 'Isa (: عيسى), but is now spelt as Yesus. Several ecclesiastical terms derived from Arabic still exist in Indonesian language. Indonesian word for is uskup (from: أسقف usquf = bishop). This in turn makes the Indonesian term for uskup agung (literally great bishop), which is combining the Arabic word with an Old Javanese word.
The term imam (from: إمام imām = leader, prayer leader) is used to translate a Catholic, beside its more common association with an Islamic prayer leader. Some Protestant denominations refer to their congregation jemaat (from: جماعة jamāʻa = group, a community). Even the name of the in Indonesian translation is Alkitab (from: الكتاب al-kitāb = the book), which literally means 'the Book'.Loan words of Portuguese origin. Main article:Indonesia hosts a variety of traditional verbal arts such as, and; which are expressed in local languages, but modern genres are expressed mainly through Indonesian. Some of Indonesian great classic stories including by, by,. Modern literature like, stage plays, and has developed since the late years of the 19th century and has produced such internationally recognised figures as, poet,. Indonesia's classic novels itself, have their own charm, offering insight into and traditions and the historical background prior to and immediately after the country gained independence.
Where Is Indonesia
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One of the great is Shackles which was written by in 1940. Originally titled and translated into many languages including.
As speakers of other languages. BIPA ( Bahasa Indonesia bagi Penutur Asing) book, which helps foreigners to learn the Indonesian language effectively.Over the past few years, interest in learning Indonesian has grown among non-Indonesians. Various universities have started to offer courses that emphasise the teaching of the language to non-Indonesians.